Systematics of the Neotropical butterfly genus Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), with descriptions of seven new taxa

<p>A systematic revision of <i>Paryphthimoides</i>, a satyrine genus widely distributed in South America, is presented based on an integrative approach. Molecular phylogeny inferred using multiple methods with nuclear (GAPDH, RpS5) and mitochondrial (COI) genes indicates that <i>Paryphthimoides</i>, as currently circumscribed, is<i> </i>polyphyletic. A new taxonomic arrangement is proposed reflecting the monophyly based on molecular and morphological evidence. <i>Paryphthimoides </i>now comprises 14 taxa, namely: <i>P. poltys poltys </i>(Prittwitz, 1865),<i> P. poltys numilia</i> (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) <b>stat. nov.</b>, <i>P. vestigiata </i>(Butler, 1867), <i>P. fridae </i>Zacca, Casagrande, Huertas & Nakahara<i> </i><b>sp. nov.</b>, <i>P. jorupe </i>Zacca, Casagrande, Checa & Willmott<i> </i><b>sp. nov.</b>, <i>P. terrestris terrestris </i>(Butler, 1867) <b>comb. nov.</b>, <i>P. terrestris muyrakytan </i>Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke <b>ssp. nov.</b>, <i>P. terrestris araguaianus </i>Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke <b>ssp. nov.</b>, <i>P. terrestris grevei </i>Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke<i> </i><b>ssp. nov.</b>, <i>P. touloulou </i>(Benmesbah, 2015)<i> </i><b>comb. nov.</b>, <i>P. brixius brixius </i>(Godart, [1824])<i> </i><b>comb. nov.</b>, <i>P. brixius madre </i>Zacca, Mielke, Casagrande & Lamas <b>ssp. nov.</b>, <i>P. brixius rouranensis </i>Brévignon<i> </i><b>ssp. nov.</b> and <i>P. flavofascia </i>(Zacca & Siewert, 2014)<i> </i><b>comb. nov.</b> <i>Euptychia zeredatha </i>Butler, 1869<i> </i>and <i>P. bahneri </i>Anken, 1994<i> </i>are new synonyms of <i>P. p. poltys</i>, and <i>Euptychia binalinea </i>Butler, 1867<i> </i>and <i>E. poltys bahiana </i>Bryk, 1953<i> </i>are new synonyms of <i>P. poltys numilia.</i> Lectotypes are designated for <i>Euptychia zeredatha</i>, <i>Neonympha numilia</i>, <i>Euptychia vestigiata</i>, <i>Euptychia terrestris </i>and <i>Euptychia brixiola</i>, Butler, 1867 and a neotype is designated for <i>Satyrus brixius</i>. In addition, female morphology is described for the first time for all available species, and biological data and distributional maps are provided for all species. Last instar and pupae of <i>Paryphthimoides p. poltys </i>is also described. </p>